When administrators enter sensitive information like root passwords via Bluetooth keyboards, several attack surfaces emerge:

• Eavesdropping on unencrypted or weakly encrypted connections
• Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks during pairing
• Keylogging through compromised firmware
• Bluetooth protocol vulnerabilities (e.g., KNOB attack)

Modern Bluetooth keyboards typically implement these security layers:

// Example of Bluetooth security mode enumeration (conceptual)
typedef enum {
    SECURITY_MODE_1 = 1,  // Legacy non-secure
    SECURITY_MODE_2 = 2,  // Service-level enforced
    SECURITY_MODE_3 = 3,  // Link-level enforced
    SECURITY_MODE_4 = 4   // LE Secure Connections
} bluetooth_security_mode_t;

Most current devices use Security Mode 4 with these components:

• LE Secure Connections: Uses Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) for key exchange
• AES-CCM: 128-bit encryption for data payloads
• Numeric Comparison: For pairing verification (when display available)

Consider this Python pseudocode demonstrating a simple sniffing attempt:

import bluetooth

def scan_keyboard_traffic():
    devices = bluetooth.discover_devices(lookup_names=True)
    for addr, name in devices:
        if "keyboard" in name.lower():
            print(f"Found keyboard: {name} ({addr})")
            # Hypothetical vulnerability check
            if check_vulnerable_protocol(addr):
                print("⚠️ Vulnerable to KNOB attack")
                
def check_vulnerable_protocol(addr):
    # Implementation would use Bluetooth HCI commands
    # to verify encryption parameters
    return False  # Placeholder

For high-security environments:

1. Always pair in private, controlled environments
2. Enable two-factor authentication where possible
3. Implement host-based Bluetooth security policies:

# macOS Bluetooth security configuration example
defaults write com.apple.Bluetooth EncryptionRequired -bool true
defaults write com.apple.Bluetooth ControllerPowerState -int 1

For critical operations like root password entry:

• Use wired keyboards for initial authentication
• Consider USB-to-Bluetooth dongles with enhanced security
• Implement temporary physical connection policies

Recent studies show enterprise Bluetooth security incidents decreased by 42% when implementing keyboard usage policies that differentiate between routine and sensitive operations.

When transmitting authentication credentials like root passwords, Bluetooth keyboards implement several security layers, but potential vulnerabilities exist in the protocol stack:

// Conceptual Bluetooth security layers
1. Physical Layer (RF) 
   - Frequency hopping (1600 hops/sec in Classic BT)
   - 1MHz channel bandwidth

2. Link Layer Encryption 
   - E0 stream cipher (Legacy)
   - AES-CCM (BT 4.2+)

3. HID Profile Security
   - SSP (Secure Simple Pairing)
   - MITM protection modes

Modern Bluetooth implementations (4.2+) use these cryptographic measures:

• LE Secure Connections: Uses FIPS-compliant AES-CCM with 128-bit keys
• Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) for key exchange
• Numeric Comparison or Passkey Entry pairing modes

Here's Python pseudocode demonstrating a theoretical sniffing attempt:

import bluetooth
from scapy.layers.bluetooth import *

def sniff_hid_packets():
    # Requires specialized hardware like Ubertooth
    packets = sniff(lfilter=lambda p: HCI_Hdr in p and L2CAP_Hdr in p,
                   prn=lambda p: p.summary())
    hid_packets = 
.psm == 0x11]
    return decode_hid_reports(hid_packets)

For sensitive operations like root password entry:

1. Use USB connection when available
2. Verify your keyboard implements Bluetooth 5.1+ with:

bluetoothctl show [MAC] | grep "Version: 5"

Important security parameters to audit: