When pinging a remote host 12,000km away, the speed of light imposes a hard limit of ~80ms round-trip time (RTT). Yet many observe pings of 300-500ms intercontinentally. The discrepancy comes from:

// Theoretical minimum latency calculation
const distance = 12000; // km
const speedOfLightFiber = 200000; // km/s (2/3 of vacuum speed)
const rtt = (distance / speedOfLightFiber) * 2 * 1000; // ms
console.log(rtt); // Output: ~80ms

Bandwidth affects ping in three specific scenarios:

# Scenario 1: Bufferbloat
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root fq ce_threshold 1ms

# Scenario 2: Parallel transfers congesting the pipe
iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT

# Scenario 3: MTU mismatches
ifconfig eth0 mtu 1472

Try these optimizations before upgrading bandwidth:

// Windows QoS adjustments
netsh int tcp set global autotuninglevel=restricted
netsh interface tcp set global rss=enabled

// Linux TCP tuning
echo "net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -p

Corporate VPNs often add 50-100ms latency. Test with:

# Compare baseline vs VPN routing
mtr -n --tcp -P 3389 remote_host.com
mtr -n --tcp -P 3389 vpn_gateway.com

# Typical RDP latency thresholds
# < 100ms: Excellent
# 100-200ms: Usable
# > 200ms: Problematic

Consider higher bandwidth when:

// Detecting bandwidth-induced latency
ping -f -l 1472 remote_host.com  // Test with full MTU
ping -f -l 64 remote_host.com    // Test with minimal packet

// If delta > 50ms, consider:
// 1. Upgrading last-mile connection
// 2. Implementing QoS
// 3. Changing ISPs

When pinging a host 12,000km away (typical US-Asia distance), the theoretical minimum latency is 80ms due to light speed (300km/ms in fiber). Your observed 450ms suggests routing inefficiencies beyond physics.

Bandwidth (MB/s) and latency (ms) operate independently:

// Bandwidth test vs latency test
ping -c 5 remoteserver.com  // Measures RTT (round-trip time)
iperf -c remoteserver.com   // Measures throughput

A 1Gbps connection won't reduce 1-byte ICMP packet transmission time:

TransmissionTime = (PacketSize/Bandwidth) 
1B/1Gbps = 0.000008ms vs 1B/100Mbps = 0.00008ms

Try these in order:

1. Route Optimization

// Linux/Mac:
traceroute -n remoteserver.com
// Windows:
tracert -d remoteserver.com

Look for hops with >100ms jumps. Use tools like MTR for continuous monitoring.

2. TCP/IP Tuning

# Linux TCP tweaks (temporary):
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fack=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1

3. Protocol Selection

For remote desktop, test different protocols:

# RDP vs. NX performance test
time xfreerdp /v:remoteserver /cert-ignore /gfx:h264
time nxclient --session=remoteserver

Higher bandwidth helps latency-sensitive applications when:

1. Using packet aggregation (QUIC, HTTP/2)
2. Multiple parallel connections (web browsers)
3. Jumbo frames are enabled (requires end-to-end support)

For mission-critical work:

# Set up a local proxy with compression
ssh -C -D 1080 user@remoteserver

Or consider latency-optimized cloud services like AWS Global Accelerator.