Unlike traditional HDDs, SSDs store data in NAND flash memory chips. The critical components to target are:

• NAND flash memory packages (typically multiple chips)
• Controller chip with possible encryption modules
• DRAM cache (if present)

For normal users who need reasonable assurance:

# Secure erase using hdparm (Linux)
sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-set-pass pwd /dev/sdX
sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-erase pwd /dev/sdX

# Alternative ATA Secure Erase
sudo blkdiscard -v /dev/sdX

When dealing with encrypted drives containing classified information:

Physical Destruction Methods

1. Degaussing: Use specialized NSA-approved degaussers (though less effective than with HDDs)
2. Thermal Destruction: Heat chips to 600°C+ to melt silicon
3. Pulverization: Industrial shredders with cross-cut capability

Software-Based Verification

# Post-destruction verification script
import os
import hashlib

def verify_wipe(device):
    try:
        with open(device, 'rb') as f:
            sample = f.read(4096)
            return hashlib.sha256(sample).hexdigest() == 'e3b0c...'
    except IOError:
        return True  # Device inaccessible = success

For data centers handling bulk destruction:

• Cryptographic erase (CE) via SEDs (Self-Encrypting Drives)
• On-site shredding services with chain-of-custody documentation
• EPROM-style UV erasure for certain SSD types

Unlike traditional HDDs, SSDs store data in NAND flash memory chips. A typical SSD contains:

• Controller chip (brain of the SSD)
• NAND flash memory chips (actual storage)
• DRAM cache (optional)
• PCB and connectors

For case-sensitive data that must be permanently destroyed:

// Example of secure wipe command (Linux)
sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-set-pass "pwd" /dev/sdX
sudo hdparm --user-master u --security-erase "pwd" /dev/sdX

Physical methods include:

• NAND chip removal: Desolder and crush individual memory chips
• PCB shredding: Use industrial shredders capable of 5mm particle size
• Thermal destruction: Heat above 400°C for complete NAND degradation

For less sensitive data:

# NVMe secure erase (requires admin privileges)
nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --ses=1 --force

# ATA secure erase (for SATA SSDs)
blkdiscard -v /dev/sdX

Effective software tools:

• ATA/NVMe Secure Erase commands
• Multiple pass overwrite tools (beware of wear-leveling)
• Manufacturer-specific utilities (Samsung Magician, Intel SSD Toolbox)

When dealing with encrypted drives:

1. Destroy the encryption key storage area (often separate from main NAND)
2. Verify controller firmware doesn't store key remnants
3. Combine physical destruction with cryptographic sanitization

For large-scale operations:

// Example using PowerShell for multiple drives
Get-PhysicalDisk | Where-Object {$_.MediaType -eq "SSD"} | 
ForEach-Object {
    Initialize-Disk -Number $_.DeviceNumber -PartitionStyle GPT
    Clear-Disk -Number $_.DeviceNumber -RemoveData -RemoveOEM
}

Commercial options include:

• Degaussers specifically designed for SSDs
• High-voltage pulse devices
• Automated shredding systems with audit trails

For hobbyists and small shops:

# Low-level flash access (requires special hardware)
flashrom -p internal -E

Effective home methods:

• Microwave (5-10 seconds, risk of fire)
• High-powered magnets (limited effectiveness)
• Thermite reaction (extreme caution required)